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Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani
Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 〔 ((ペルシア語:سید جمال الدین افغاني)), also known as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī ((ペルシア語:سید جمال الدین اسدآبادی)), and commonly known as Al-Afghani (1838/1839 – 9 March 1897), was a political activist and Islamic ideologist in the Muslim world during the late 19th century, particularly in the Middle East, South Asia and Europe. One of the founders of Islamic Modernism〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jamal ad-Din al-Afghan )〕 and an advocate of Pan-Islamic unity,〔Ludwig W. Adamec, ''Historical Dictionary of Islam'' (Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2001), p. 32〕 he has been described as being less interested in minor differences in Islamic jurisprudence than he was in organizing a Muslim response to Western pressure.〔Vali Nasr, ''The Sunni Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future'' (New York: Norton, 2006), p. 103.〕
==Early life and origin==
As indicated by his his attributive name, "Afghani," he claimed to be of "Afghan" origin most of his life and until recently there was some difference of opinion among scholars as to whether that was the case. Although claimed by some older scholars such as Ignaz Goldziher and J. Jomier that al-Afghan was born in Asadabad, a district of Kunar Province in Afghanistan,〔''From Reform to Revolution'', Louay Safi, Intellectual Discourse 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1 (LINK )〕〔Historia, ''Le vent de la révolte souffle au Caire'', Baudouin Eschapasse, (LINK )〕 evidence shows that he was in fact born in Iran, in a village also called Asadābād, near the city of Hamadān.〔〔〔http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299778/Jamal-al-Din-al-Afghani〕〔N. R. Keddie, «Sayyid Jamal ad-Din "al-Afghani": A Political Biography», Berkeley, 1972〕 Overwhelming documentation (especially a collection of papers left in Iran upon his expulsion in 1891) now proves that he was born into a family of Sayyids〔〔〔 and that he spent his childhood in Iran and was brought up as a Shi'a Muslim.〔〔 He was educated first at home and then taken by his father for further education to Qazvin, to Tehran, and finally, while he was still a youth, to the Shi'a shrine cities in Iraq.〔 It is thought that followers of Shia revivalist Shaikh Ahmad Ahsa'i had an influence on him.〔Edward Mortimer, ''Faith and Power'', Vintage, (1982)p.110〕 An ethnic Persian, al-Afghani claimed to be an Afghan in order to present himself as a Sunni Muslim〔 and escape oppression by the Iranian ruler Nāṣer ud-Dīn Shāh.〔 One of his main rivals, the sheikh Abū l-Hudā, called him ''Mutaʾafghin'' ("the one who claims to be Afghan") and tried to expose his Shia roots.〔A. Hourani: ''Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939''. London, Oxford University Press, p. 103–129 (108)〕 Other names adopted by Al-Afghani were ''al-Kābulī'' ("(one ) from Kabul") and ''al-Istānbulī'' ("(one ) from Istanbul"). Especially in his writings published in Afghanistan, he also used the pseudonym ''ar-Rūmī'' ("the Roman" or "the Anatolian").〔
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